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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "14a069a2-8c35-4bb5-b83c-4b4745549df9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 数据可视化 - matplotlib"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "ba89c6db-2f67-4831-9432-d1ab7f431f79",
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "aa674b75-c4fe-4cc4-b2d0-d4e493a29adf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 设置中文字体\n",
    "plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'].insert(0, 'Microsoft Yahei')\n",
    "plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "9ae8bc86-63ea-40cf-9d90-ca1085baa661",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# 矢量图\n",
    "%config InlineBackend.figure_format='svg'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c4a54c90-49c0-4d25-b04a-17dd5bc576be",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 创建画布\n",
    "pyplot模块的figure函数可以用来创建画布，创建画布时，可以通过figsize参数指定画布的尺寸（默认值是[6.4, 4.8]）；可以通过dpi参数设置绘图的分辨率，因为dpi代表了每英寸的像素点数量。除此之外，还可以通过facecolor参数设置画布的背景色。figure函数的返回值是一个Figure对象，它代表了绘图使用的画布，我们可以基于画布来创建绘图使用的坐标系。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "a8101faf-d1e1-43e7-aef6-acdcc4cbb174",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 960x480 with 0 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 960x480 with 0 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "# 创建画布\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4), dpi=120, facecolor='darkgray')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f67a13e5-7748-46af-ab9a-67d6faaa9003",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 创建坐标系\n",
    "可以直接使用pyplot模块的subplot函数来创建坐标系，该函数会返回Axes对象。subplot的前三个参数分别用来指定整个画布分成几行几列以及当前坐标系的索引，这三个参数的默认值都是1。如果没有创建坐标系，我们绘图时会使用画布上默认的也是唯一的一个坐标系；如果需要在画布上创建多个坐标系，就可以使用该函数。当然，我们也可以通过上面创建的Figure对象的add_subplot方法或add_axes方法来创建坐标系，前者跟subplot函数的作用一致，后者会产生嵌套的坐标系。"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "7f172a2b-d656-4e5d-a0bf-791bb62a2869",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<Axes: >"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 640x480 with 1 Axes>"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   "source": [
    "plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)"
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  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d48b0caf-7bcc-42a3-bf94-d3d7ea1d34ea",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 绘制图表"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "6751dc60-1162-4f2d-9ab0-5959f4bab4c3",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 折线图\n",
    "\n",
    "在绘图时，如果没有先调用figure函数和subplot函数，我们将使用默认的画布和坐标系，如果要绘制折线图，可以使用pyplot模块的plot函数，并指定横轴和纵轴的数据。折线图最适合用来观察数据的趋势，尤其是当横坐标代表时间的情况下。\n",
    "\n",
    "- color参数来定制折线的颜色\n",
    "- marker参数来定制数据点的标记（例如：`*`表示五角星，^表示三角形，o表示小圆圈等）\n",
    "- linestyle参数来定制折线的样式（例如：-表示实线，--表示虚线，`:`表示点线等）\n",
    "- linewidth参数来定制折线的粗细"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "26c56697-81e3-49a1-afb5-9bbd461baa12",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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   ],
   "source": [
    "x = np.linspace(-2 * np.pi, 2 * np.pi, 120)\n",
    "y = np.sin(x)\n",
    "\n",
    "# 创建画布\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "# 绘制折线图\n",
    "plt.plot(x, y, linewidth=2, marker='*', color='red')\n",
    "# 显示绘图\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "1d37e9e6-cb84-49f6-98cc-46b0e60b91bc",
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      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 960x480 with 1 Axes>"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "x = np.linspace(-2 * np.pi, 2 * np.pi, 60)\n",
    "y1, y2 = np.sin(x), np.cos(x)\n",
    "\n",
    "# 创建画布\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "\n",
    "# 折线图\n",
    "plt.plot(x, y1, linewidth=2, marker='*', color='red')\n",
    "plt.plot(x, y2, linewidth=2, marker='^', color='blue')\n",
    "# 定制图表上的标注\n",
    "plt.annotate(\n",
    "    'sin(x)', \n",
    "    xytext=(0.5, -0.75), \n",
    "    xy=(0, -0.25), fontsize=12, \n",
    "    arrowprops={\n",
    "        'arrowstyle': '->', 'color': 'darkgreen', \n",
    "        'connectionstyle': 'angle3, angleA=90, angleB=0'\n",
    "})\n",
    "plt.annotate(\n",
    "    'cos(x)', \n",
    "    xytext=(-3, 0.75), xy=(-1.25, 0.5), fontsize=12, \n",
    "    arrowprops={\n",
    "        'arrowstyle': '->', 'color': 'darkgreen', \n",
    "        'connectionstyle': 'arc3, rad=0.35'\n",
    "})\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "05c1bf08-b696-4a8f-abbf-7083b19903b0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 960x480 with 2 Axes>"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "# 创建画布\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "# 创建坐标系（第1个图），子图\n",
    "plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)\n",
    "plt.plot(x, y1, linewidth=2, marker='*', color='red')\n",
    "# 创建坐标系（第2个图），子图\n",
    "plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)\n",
    "plt.plot(x, y2, linewidth=2, marker='^', color='blue')\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "2cbd3de6-9f5a-4c5f-83be-f868fa0785d1",
   "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)\n",
    "plt.plot(x, y1, linewidth=2, marker='*', color='red')\n",
    "plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)\n",
    "plt.plot(x, y2, linewidth=2, marker='^', color='blue')\n",
    "plt.show()"
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  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "ec87be07-ec78-4509-9e58-cdbe7eb286fa",
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       "<Figure size 1200x480 with 3 Axes>"
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     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "plt.plot(x, y1, linewidth=2, marker='*', color='red')\n",
    "# 用Figure对象的add_axes方法在现有坐标系中嵌套一个新的坐标系，该方法的参数是一个四元组，\n",
    "# 代表了新坐标系在原坐标系中的位置，前两个值是左下角的位置，后两个值是坐标系的宽度和高度\n",
    "ax = fig.add_axes((0.595, 0.6, 0.3,0.25))\n",
    "ax.plot(x, y2, marker='^', color='blue')\n",
    "ax = fig.add_axes((0.155, 0.2, 0.3,0.25))\n",
    "ax.plot(x, y2, marker='^', color='green')\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d83e9b82-844b-4b2e-85b0-aed0d13fe5ac",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 散点图\n",
    "散点图可以帮助我们了解两个变量的关系，如果需要了解三个变量的关系，可以将散点图升级为气泡图。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "b8de78b3-8631-400a-b0a6-4e296f70a2a4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 720x480 with 1 Axes>"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = np.array([5550, 7500, 10500, 15000, 20000, 25000, 30000, 40000])\n",
    "y = np.array([800, 1800, 1250, 2000, 1800, 2100, 2500, 3500])\n",
    "\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "plt.scatter(x, y)\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c248090c-d557-4d14-ac81-2019af798994",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 柱状图\n",
    "在对比数据的差异时，柱状图是非常棒的选择，我们可以使用pyplot模块的bar函数来生成柱状图，也可以使用barh函数来生成水平柱状图（也称为“条状图”）。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "2b2ab57c-7cd9-4857-bf9c-78a8d4687af2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = np.arange(4)\n",
    "y1 = np.random.randint(20, 50, 4)\n",
    "y2 = np.random.randint(10, 60, 4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "ee442726-0bd9-4b1f-a517-9848a1703d3f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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      "text/plain": [
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   "source": [
    "plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "# 通过横坐标的偏移，让两组数据对应的柱子分开，width参数控制柱子的粗细，label参数为柱子添加标签\n",
    "plt.bar(x - 0.1, y1, width=0.2, label='销售A组')\n",
    "plt.bar(x + 0.1, y2, width=0.2, label='销售B组')\n",
    "# 定制横轴的刻度\n",
    "plt.xticks(x, labels=['Q1', 'Q2', 'Q3', 'Q4'])\n",
    "# 定制显示图例\n",
    "plt.legend()\n",
    "plt.show()"
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   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "7242d8f8-4d71-48f9-a174-0a58e4a56bd1",
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       " <defs>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 720x480 with 1 Axes>"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "labels = ['Q1', 'Q2', 'Q3', 'Q4']\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "plt.bar(labels, y1, width=0.4, label='销售A组')\n",
    "# 注意：堆叠柱状图的关键是将之前的柱子作为新柱子的底部，可以通过bottom参数指定底部数据，新柱子绘制在底部数据之上\n",
    "plt.bar(labels, y2, width=0.4, bottom=y1, label='销售B组')\n",
    "plt.legend(loc='lower right')\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "fec75b75-d622-41ab-8bc2-cc87681c6686",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 饼状图\n",
    "饼状图通常简称为饼图，是一个将数据划分为几个扇形区域的统计图表，它主要用于描述数量、频率等之间的相对关系。在饼图中，每个扇形区域的大小就是其所表示的数量的比例，这些扇形区域合在一起刚好是一个完整的饼。在需要展示数据构成的场景下，饼状图、树状图和瀑布图是不错的选择，我们可以使用pyplot模块的pie函数来绘制饼图"
   ]
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   "execution_count": 39,
   "id": "772c56e1-1f0d-4557-8f10-e102f767c162",
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       "\" transform=\"scale(0.015625)\"/>\n",
       "     </defs>\n",
       "     <use xlink:href=\"#MicrosoftYaHei-69b4\"/>\n",
       "     <use xlink:href=\"#MicrosoftYaHei-83b2\" transform=\"translate(100 0)\"/>\n",
       "    </g>\n",
       "   </g>\n",
       "   <g id=\"text_14\">\n",
       "    <!-- 11.0% -->\n",
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       "\" transform=\"scale(0.015625)\"/>\n",
       "     </defs>\n",
       "     <use xlink:href=\"#MicrosoftYaHei-6c34\"/>\n",
       "     <use xlink:href=\"#MicrosoftYaHei-679c\" transform=\"translate(100 0)\"/>\n",
       "     <use xlink:href=\"#MicrosoftYaHei-9500\" transform=\"translate(200 0)\"/>\n",
       "     <use xlink:href=\"#MicrosoftYaHei-552e\" transform=\"translate(300 0)\"/>\n",
       "     <use xlink:href=\"#MicrosoftYaHei-989d\" transform=\"translate(400 0)\"/>\n",
       "     <use xlink:href=\"#MicrosoftYaHei-5360\" transform=\"translate(500 0)\"/>\n",
       "     <use xlink:href=\"#MicrosoftYaHei-6bd4\" transform=\"translate(600 0)\"/>\n",
       "    </g>\n",
       "   </g>\n",
       "  </g>\n",
       " </g>\n",
       "</svg>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 600x600 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data = np.random.randint(100, 500, 7)\n",
    "labels = ['苹果', '香蕉', '桃子', '荔枝', '石榴', '山竹', '榴莲']\n",
    "\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(5, 5), dpi=120)\n",
    "plt.pie(\n",
    "    data,\n",
    "    # 自动显示百分比\n",
    "    autopct='%.1f%%',\n",
    "    # 饼图的半径\n",
    "    radius=1,\n",
    "    # 百分比到圆心的距离\n",
    "    pctdistance=0.8,\n",
    "    # 颜色（随机生成）\n",
    "    colors=np.random.rand(7, 3),\n",
    "    # 分离距离\n",
    "    explode=[0.05, 0, 0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
    "    # 阴影效果\n",
    "    shadow=True,\n",
    "    # 字体属性\n",
    "    textprops=dict(fontsize=8, color='black'),\n",
    "    # 楔子属性（生成环状饼图的关键）\n",
    "    wedgeprops=dict(linewidth=1, width=0.35),\n",
    "    # 标签\n",
    "    labels=labels\n",
    ")\n",
    "# 定制图表的标题\n",
    "plt.title('水果销售额占比')\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "6fdf23d1-d3ce-4cf3-994f-f5af3d9c4569",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 直方图\n",
    "在统计学中，直方图是一种展示数据分布情况的图形，是一种二维统计图表，它的两个坐标分别是统计样本和该样本对应的某个属性的度量。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "id": "e6ffbead-4cd5-4c04-9cbe-ee7ddca87cd9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "heights = np.array([\n",
    "    170, 163, 174, 164, 159, 168, 165, 171, 171, 167, \n",
    "    165, 161, 175, 170, 174, 170, 174, 170, 173, 173, \n",
    "    167, 169, 173, 153, 165, 169, 158, 166, 164, 173, \n",
    "    162, 171, 173, 171, 165, 152, 163, 170, 171, 163, \n",
    "    165, 166, 155, 155, 171, 161, 167, 172, 164, 155, \n",
    "    168, 171, 173, 169, 165, 162, 168, 177, 174, 178, \n",
    "    161, 180, 155, 155, 166, 175, 159, 169, 165, 174, \n",
    "    175, 160, 152, 168, 164, 175, 168, 183, 166, 166, \n",
    "    182, 174, 167, 168, 176, 170, 169, 173, 177, 168, \n",
    "    172, 159, 173, 185, 161, 170, 170, 184, 171, 172\n",
    "])"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "# 绘制直方图 身高从150厘米到190厘米，每5厘米为一个分箱\n",
    "plt.hist(heights, bins=np.arange(145, 196, 5), color='darkcyan')\n",
    "# 定制横轴标签\n",
    "plt.xlabel('身高')\n",
    "# 定制纵轴标签\n",
    "plt.ylabel('概率密度')\n",
    "plt.show()"
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   "execution_count": 43,
   "id": "1a915e50-07c6-4549-8332-8f9c74d43ef2",
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      "text/plain": [
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "# 累计密度，类似于概率中的分布函数单调非降\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "# 绘制直方图\n",
    "plt.hist(heights, bins=np.arange(145, 196, 5), color='darkcyan', density=True, cumulative=True)\n",
    "# 定制横轴标签\n",
    "plt.xlabel('身高')\n",
    "# 定制纵轴标签\n",
    "plt.ylabel('概率')\n",
    "plt.show()"
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bda0c4d2-5f0f-4b02-9594-e2e6cd9a0cc5",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 箱线图"
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "id": "97d4676a-945b-41cc-a844-1dc9346d7fd9",
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      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 720x480 with 1 Axes>"
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     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "# 数组中有47个[0, 100)范围的随机数\n",
    "data = np.random.randint(0, 100, 47)\n",
    "# 向数组中添加三个可能是离群点的数据\n",
    "data = np.append(data, 160)\n",
    "data = np.append(data, 200)\n",
    "data = np.append(data, -50)\n",
    "\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4), dpi=120)\n",
    "# whis参数的默认值是1.5，将其设置为3可以检测极端离群值，showmeans=True表示在图中标记均值的位置\n",
    "plt.boxplot(data, whis=1.5, showmeans=True, notch=True)\n",
    "# 定制纵轴的取值范围\n",
    "plt.ylim([-100, 250])\n",
    "# 定制横轴的刻度\n",
    "plt.xticks([1], labels=['data'])\n",
    "plt.show()"
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "30a447e0-9952-4896-a5be-128cb0d1c7ed",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 显示和保存图表\n",
    "可以使用pyplot模块的show函数来显示绘制的图表。如果希望保存图表，可以使用savefig函数。需要注意的是，如果要同时显示和保存图表，应该先执行savefig函数，再执行show函数，因为在调用show函数时，图表已经被释放，位于show函数之后的savefig保存的只是一个空白的区域。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "id": "6444e4ac-3b19-4235-966d-338bb0880f96",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 640x480 with 0 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "plt.savefig('chart.png')\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3af7c4b4-f76b-4b89-80af-2b9d0a06d639",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 其他图表"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e7cbc96e-9f90-4d6c-8799-fe9f823cf792",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- [官方文档](https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/index.html)\n",
    "- [示例](https://matplotlib.org/stable/gallery/index.html)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "1430606c-3190-4a6e-89eb-792519cef71b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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